Chromosomal organization and evolutionary conservation of the human chromosome 19q linkage group containing three DNA repair genes

A series of human-rodent somatic cell hybrids were investigated by Southern blot analysis for the presence or absence of twenty-six molecular markers and three isozyme loci from human chromosome 19. Based on the co-retention of these markers in the various independent hybrid clones containing portions of human chromosome 19 and on pulsed field mapping, chromosome 19 is divided into twenty ordered regions. The most likely marker order for the chromosome is: (LDLR, C3)-(cen-MANNB)-D19S7-PEPD-D19S9-GPI-TGF$ \beta$-(CYP2A, NCA, CGM2, BCKAD)-PSG1a-(D19S8, XRCC1)-(D19S19, ATP1A3)-(D19S37, APOC2)-CKMM-ERCC2-ERCC1-(D19S62, D19S51)-D19S6-D19S50-D19S22-(CGB, FTL)-qter.^ The region of 19q between the proximal marker D19S7 and the distal gene coding for the beta subunit of chorionic gonadotropin (CGB) is about 37 Mb in size and covers about 37 cM genetic distance. The ration of genetic to physical distance on 19q is therefore very close to the genomic average OF 1 cM/Mb. Estimates of physical distances for intervals between chromosome 19 markers were calculated using a mapping function which estimates distances based on the number of breaks in hybrid clone panels. The consensus genetic distances between individual markers (established at HBM10) were compared to these estimates of physical distances. The close agreement between the two estimates suggested that spontaneously broken hybrids are as appropriate for this type of study as radiation hybrids.^ All three DNA repair genes located on chromosome 19 were found to have homologues on Chinese hamster chromosome 9, which is hemizygous in CHO cells, providing an explanation for the apparent ease with which mutations at these loci were identified in CHO cells. Homologues of CKMM and TGF$\beta$ (from human chromosome 19q) and a mini-satellite DNA specific to the distal region of human chromosome 19q were also mapped to Chinese hamster 9. Markers from 19p did not map to this hamster chromosome. Thus the q-arm of chromosome 19, at least between the genes PEPD and ERCC1, appears to be a linkage group which is conserved intact between humans and Chinese hamsters. ^

Analysis of differential gene expression in nontumorigenic glioblastoma multiforme

Loss of chromosome 10 represents the most common cytogenetic abnormality in high grade gliomas (glioblastoma multiforme). To identify genes involved in the malignant progression of human gliomas, a subtractive hybridization was performed between a tumorigenic glioblastoma cell line (LG11) and a nontumorgenic hybrid cell (LG11.3) containing an introduced chromosome 10. LG11 mRNA was subtracted from LG11.3 cDNA to produce cDNA probes enriched for sequences whose expression differs quantitatively from the parental tumorigenic cells. Both known and novel sequences were identified as a result of the subtraction. Northern blot analysis was then used to confirm differential expression of several subtracted clones. One novel clone, clone 17, identified a 2.6 kb message that showed a consistent two to four fold increase in expression in the LG11.3 nontumorigenic cells. Clone 17 (340 bp) was used successfully to screen for a near full-length version, RIG (regulated in glioma), which was 2,569 bp in size. The RIG cDNA sequence showed homology to clone 17 and to an anonymous EST (IB666), but to no previously identified genes. This screening effort also identified several independent clones representing novel sequences, most of which failed to show increased expression in the nontumorigenic GBM cells. Tissue distribution studies of RIG indicated highest levels of expression in human brain with appreciably lower levels in heart and lung. In vitro transcription and translation experiments demonstrated the ability of RIG to direct the synthesis of a 13 kD protein product. However, open reading frame analysis revealed no identify with previously described motifs or any known proteins. Using a combination of somatic cell hybrid panels and in situ hybridization, the RIG gene was mapped to chromosome 11p14-11p15. Further study of RIG and related gene products may provide insight into the negative regulation of glial oncogenesis. ^

Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of mouse hepatitis virus (JHM) complementation group A temperature-sensitive mutants

Temperature sensitive (ts) mutant viruses have helped elucidate replication processes in many viral systems. Several panels of replication-defective ts mutants in which viral RNA synthesis is abolished at the nonpermissive temperature (RNA$\sp{-})$ have been isolated for Mouse Hepatitis Virus, MHV (Robb et al., 1979; Koolen et al., 1983; Martin et al., 1988; Schaad et al., 1990). However, no one had investigated genetic or phenotypic relationships between these different mutant panels. In order to determine how the panel of MHV-JHM RNA$\sp{-}$ ts mutants (Robb et al., 1979) were genetically related to other described MHV RNA$\sp{-}$ ts mutants, the MHV-JHM mutants were tested for complementation with representatives from two different sets of MHV-A59 ts mutants (Koolen et al., 1983; Schaad et al., 1990). The three ts mutant panels together were found to comprise eight genetically distinct complementation groups. Of these eight complementation groups, three complementation classes are unique to their particular mutant panel; genetically equivalent mutants were not observed within the other two mutant panels. Two complementation groups were common to all three mutant panels. The three remaining complementation groups overlapped two of the three mutant sets. Mutants MHV-JHM tsA204 and MHV-A59 ts261 were shown to be within one of these overlapping complementation groups. The phenotype of the MHV-JHM mutants within this complementation class has been previously characterized (Leibowitz et al., 1982; Leibowitz et al, 1990). When these mutants were grown at the permissive temperature, then shifted up to the nonpermissive temperature at the start of RNA synthesis, genome-length RNA and leader RNA fragments accumulated, but no subgenomic mRNA was synthesized. MHV-A59 ts261 produced leader RNA fragments identical to those observed with MHV-JHM tsA204. Thus, these two MHV RNA$\sp{-}$ ts mutants that were genetically equivalent by complementation testing were phenotypically similar as well. Recombination frequencies obtained from crosses of MHV-A59 ts261 with several of the gene 1 MHV-A59 mutants indicated that the causal mutation(s) of MHV-A59 ts261 was located near the overlapping junction of ORF1a and ORF1b, in the 3$\sp\prime$ end of ORF1a, or the 5$\sp\prime$ end of ORF1b. Sequence analysis of this junction and 1400 nucleotides into the 5$\sp\prime$ end of ORF1b of MHV-A59 ts261 revealed one nucleotide change from the wildtype MHV-A59. This substitution at nucleotide 13,598 (A to G) was a silent mutation in the ORF1a reading frame, but resulted in an amino acid change in ORF1b gene product (I to V). This amino acid change would be expressed only in the readthrough translation product produced upon successful ribosome frameshifting. A revertant of MHV-A59 ts261 (R2) also retained this guanidine residue, but had a second substitution at nucleotide 14,475 in ORF1b. This mutation results in the substitution of valine for an isoleucine.^ The data presented here suggest that the mutation in MHV-A59 ts261 (nucleotide 13,598) would be responsible for the MHV-JHM complementation group A phenotype. A second-site reversion at nucleotide 14,475 may correct this defect in the revertant. Sequencing of gene 1 immediately upstream of nucleotide 13,296 and downstream of nucleotide 15,010 must be conducted to test this hypothesis. ^

ARRANGEMENT OF GENE LOCI IN EUPLOID CHINESE HAMSTER CELLS AND GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF REARRANGEMENT IN CHO CELLS

In both euploid Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) cells and pseudodiploid Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, gene assignments were accomplished by G band chromosome and isozyme analysis (32 isozymes) of interspecific somatic cell hybrids obtained after HAT selection of mouse CL 1D (TK('-)) cells which were PEG-fused with either euploid Chinese hamster cells or HPRT('-) CHO cells. Hybrids slowly segregated hamster chromosomes. Clone panels consisting of independent hybrid clones and subclones containing different combinations of Chinese hamster chromosomes and isozymes were established from each type of fusion.^ These clone panels enabled us to provisionally assign the loci for: nucleoside phosphorylase (NP), glyoxalase (GLO), glutathione reductase (GSR), adenosine kinase (ADK), esterase D (ESD), peptidases B and S (PEPB and -S) and phosphoglucomutase 2 (PGM2, human nomenclature) to chromosome 1; adenylate kinase 1 (AK1), adenosine deaminase (ADA) and inosine triosephosphatase (ITP) to chromosome 6; triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) to chromosome 8; and glucose phosphate isomerse (GPI) and peptidase D (PEPD) to chromosome 9.^ We also confirm the assignments of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), PGM1, enolase 1 (ENO1) and diptheria toxin sensitivity (DTS) to chromosome 2 as well as provisionally assign galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) and AK2 to chromosome 2. Selection in either HAT or BrdU for hybrids that had retained or lost the chromosome carrying the locus for TK enabled us to assign the loci for TK, galactokinase (GALK) and acid phosphatase 1 (ACP1) to Chinese hamster chromosome 7.^ These results are discussed in relation to current theories on the basis for high frequency of drug resistant autosomal recessive mutants in CHO cells and conservation of mammalian autosomal linkage groups. ^

Exploring a model of skillful engagement in nursing practice

Prominent challenges facing nurse leaders are the growing shortage of nurses and the increasingly complex care required by acutely ill patients. In organizations that shortage is exacerbated by turnover and intent to leave. Unsatisfactory working conditions are cited by nurses when they leave their current jobs. Disengagement from the job leads to plateaued performance, decreased organizational commitment, and increased turnover. Solutions to these challenges include methods both to retain and to increase the effectiveness of each nurse. ^ The specific aim of this study was to examine the relationships among organizational structures thought to foster the clinical development of the nurse, with indicators of the development of clinical expertise, resulting in outcomes of positive job attitudes and effectiveness. Causal loop modeling is incorporated as a systems tool to examine developmental cycles both for an organization and for an individual nurse to look beyond singular events and investigate deeper patterns that emerge over time. ^ The setting is an academic specialty-care institution, and the sample in this cross-sectional study consists of paired data from 225 RNs and their nurse managers. Two panels of survey instruments were created based on the model's theoretical variables, one completed by RNs and the other by their Nurse Managers. The RN survey panel examined the variables of structural empowerment, magnet essentials, knowledge as identified by the Benner developmental stage, psychological empowerment, job stage, engagement, intent to leave, job satisfaction and the early recognition of patient complications. The nurse manager survey panel examined the Benner developmental stage, job stage, and overall level of nursing performance. ^ Four regression models were created based on the outcome variables. Each model identified significant organizational and individual characteristics that predicted higher job satisfaction, decreased intent to leave, more effectiveness as measured by early recognition and acting upon subtle patient complications, and better job performance. ^ Implications for improving job attitudes and effectiveness focus on ways that nursing leaders can foster a more empowering and healthy work environment. ^

Estrogen-induced gene expression and patient survival in high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary

Background. Assessment of estrogen receptor (ER) expression has inconsistent utility as a prognostic marker in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. In breast and endometrial cancers, the use of estrogen-induced gene panels, rather than ER expression alone, has shown improved prognostic capability. Specifically, over-expression of estrogen-induced genes in these tumors is associated with a better prognosis and signifies estrogen sensitivity that can be exploited with hormone antagonizing agents. It was therefore hypothesized that estrogen-induced gene expression in ovarian carcinoma would successfully predict outcomes and differentiate between tumors of varying estrogen sensitivities. Methods. Two hundred nineteen (219) patients with ovarian cancer who underwent surgery at M. D. Anderson between 2004 and 2007 were identified. Of these, eighty-three (83) patients were selected for inclusion because they had advanced stage, high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary or peritoneum, had not received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and had readily available frozen tissue for study. All patients had also received adjuvant treatment with platinum and taxane agents. The expression of seven genes known to be induced by estrogen in the female reproductive tract (EIG121, sFRP1, sFRP4, RALDH2, PR, IGF-1, and ER) was measured using qRT-PCR. Unsupervised cluster analyses of multiple gene permutations were used to categorize patients as high or low estrogen-induced gene expressors. QPCR gene expression results were then compared to ER and PR immunohistochemical (IHC) expression. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the effects of both individual genes and selected gene clusters on patient survival. Results. Median follow-up time was 38.7 months (range 1-68 months). In a multivariate model, overall survival was predicted by sFRP1 expression (HR 1.10 [1.02-1.19], p=0.01) and EIG121 expression (HR 1.28 [1.10-1.49], p<0.01). A cluster defined by EIG121 and ER was further examined because that combination appeared to reasonably segregate tumors into distinct groups of high and low estrogen-induced gene expressors. Shorter overall survival was associated with high estrogen-induced gene expressors (HR 2.84 [1.11-7.30], p=0.03), even after adjustment for race, age, body mass index, and residual disease at debulking. No difference in IHC ER or PR expression was noted between gene clusters. Conclusion. In sharp contrast to breast and endometrial cancers, high estrogen-induced gene expression predicts shorter overall survival in patients with high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. An estrogen-induced gene biomarker panel may have utility as prognostic indicator and may be useful to guide management with estrogen antagonists in this population.^